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Part I:
The Recording Process:
The most common mistake is recording vocals too loud or even too quiet. The goal is to record the vocal at a good signal level without going into the red. That’s probably easier said than done with some vocalists. Depending on the song being recorded, it will determine which, is the best way to record that particular vocal. In an ideal world we would record the vocal dry, without any effects at all, which would allow us to add whatever effects we wanted at the production stage, but as I said earlier, with a vocal that has a big dynamic range we would have to consider using a compressor in the recording chain after the pre amp. We’ll discuss the use of compressors later in the article.
Microphone sensitivity:
The bigger dynamic range the vocalist is, the less sensitive the mic needs to be. Certain condenser mics will distort the input signal when a singer gets to close and sings loud. If this happens, we can not repair the recorded signal, because the distortion happened before the compressor. There may be a -10 or -20 pad on the mic, use it with untrained wild vocalists. Otherwise, you could consider using a dynamic mic which is less susceptible to break up under high sound pressure levels (SPL). Or you could consider moving the mic away from them a little.
A good mic doesn’t need to be a large diaphragm one, there are some really good dynamic microphones available, and they are sometimes more suited to certain vocalists.
TIP: Try out different mics with your vocalist, don’t assume that, if you use an expensive microphone that you will capture the best performance. A cheaper mic might just do a better job.
Proper Mic Technique.
Every vocalist will have a different mic technique, it is your job to get the best performance out of your singer. A good starting point is to have your vocalist stand about one foot away from the mic. A vocalist with a quiet voice may need to be a little closer. The vocalist should back away a few inches for loud sections and move in closer for quieter sections, in other words, provide a natural compression for the track. The vocalist should not sing directly into the mic, or bassy wind noise will get in the way. Just a few degrees to the side is better. A pop filter should always be used. This is not only a good device for getting rid of plosives and pops, but can be used to keep the vocalist from getting too close. Again if the vocalist moves too far away you will have the sound of the room to contend with.
TIP: If your vocalist moves excessively during a performance, try standing them with their back against a wall, this will limit their movement, but still allow them to apply natural compression.
Pre-Amp or Gain:
The amount of gain applied to the mic signal and it is calibrated in db (decibels) from 0 to typically 60db. All mics may differ a bit on how much gain they need. Condenser mics need phantom power to power the preamp, but dynamic mics don’t need phantom power. Most mics will fall between 15-40db of boost. Have your vocalist practice singing and using a compressor in the chain try to get the loud peaks close to 0db. This will give the compressor a healthy level to work with. If you are not using a compressor you will have to lower the gain to ensure the signal never reaches 0db. That is a much lower signal than you might think.
TIP: For a quiet song, move the vocalist up close to the pop filter to get a great breathy vocal.
Compressor Settings:
Should I use a compressor while recording the vocal? The one thing to remember when recording vocals or any instrument for that matter is; you can’t undo the compressor if you record with it in the chain. The best advice I could give here is; if you can capture a good performance without using a compressor then do so. You can’t undo compression once you record your vocalist through it. If you are recording at 24 bits, then there is no longer as much need to squash down and boost the vocal while recording. At the mix phase you will have more time to experiment and try different compressors until you are sure that you have the right one. That is today’s preferred way of thinking, but as with many things in recording, every recording session is going to be different from the last. Recording dry is not a hard and fast rule, but rather a general practice for clean and clear tracks. There are reasons why some people still do record through compressors and want to. Those who are sure they want to record dry might put their compressor on the monitor bus that the vocalist hears (but is not recorded). At the end of the day, it is the vocalist that will perform the song and all we can do is help them achieve their best performance.If your vocalist likes to hear a compressed vocal in the monitor, it is possible to put the compressor on the monitor bus. Just like reverb on the monitor mix it helps the vocalist perform to a better standard. It calls up a different singing style, particularly for soft intimate parts, as the compressor brings up the perceived volume, letting the artist hear and therefore express themselves better. I think it can make them more relaxed and confident. They will hear their subtle inflections better–again leading to a better performance.
TIP: Set up the monitoring bus the way the singer prefers, and that will help you get the best performance from them.
Setting Gates:
Compressors can add noise to a signal, and they will reduce the dynamic range of a performance. The noise is taken care of by gating the signal. When it dips below a certain threshold, the audio signal is muted which cuts out noise. This is effective for getting rid of low level noise that you do not want in the recording, such as bleed from headphones, or the vocalist moving, turning pages on lyric sheets, etc. Gates have two parameters: 1) The noise floor threshold, and the Rate. The Noise floor threshold eliminates all of the signal when it dips below the threshold, which is set from -50db to -10db. I keep mine set to -30db. Yet one has to be careful. If the gate is set too high, then the attack of the vocalists words may be cut off or come in too abruptly. The Rate parameter “fades out” the audio signal as the gate come on. This is effective to prevent the gate from chopping off the tails of the words. Usually a rate of 1-1.5 sec is enough.
Setting Threshold:
The Threshold is the all important level at which the compressor kicks in. If you set the threshold to -10, it will leave all of the signal under -10 alone. When the signal exceeds -10 then it starts compressing at which ever ratio that is set. -10 is a good starting point. Though the threshold seems like it is a volume control, it is not. It is merely telling the compressor at what input level the compressor kicks in at. Setting the Ratio 2:1 is probably the most common setting for a compressor recording or playing back nearly anything. This is a good setting to start with. What this means is simply, that it takes 2 decibels of sound energy to raise the output meter by 1db. You can read the 1st number as the db IN and the second as the db OUT. Again, 2db IN equals 1 db OUT. Easy, huh? Yeah, with 2:1 you simply divide by two.
If your vocalist was singing at -10db and suddenly got 20 db louder, without compression, where would the meters post?
Answer = -10+20=+10. The meters would post at +10
Which, as you should know is way to loud and would ruin the track. Now, if you had 2:1 compression applied, where the output is half of the input, where would the output meters post?
-10+(20/2)= is… is….is….zero db!
Yes! It’s Perfection. Why is that? The vocalists 20db burst was compressed to an actual 10 db difference in gain. (the ratio 2:1 is the same as 20:10, or half). Makes sense? Cool. (Note, you don’t have to record all the way up to 0db, leave a cushion for the best sonics)
Lets go one step further, make sure you got this in your head. If you had the compressor set at a 10:1 ratio what would that mean? It would mean for every 10 decibels of gain the meters would only go up one db. So in our example, then, the 20 db burst would only let the meters go up by 2db (10:1 is the same as 20:2, or 1/10th of the original sound), Since they started at -10, the overall level would be only at -8 during the sudden 20db boost. Hardly any change in the output level at all. This would make the track sound too squashed, without dynamics. Unless: that is what you are trying to achieve.
Setting Attack and Release:
These settings can be tricky as they can “delay” the effect of compression on the attack and make is hold on a bit too long on release if set improperly. I suggest till you get these tricky settings figured out (which takes quite a bit of experimentation) you simple use the fastest attack and enough of a release so the vocal is not boosted as the word trails off. Otherwise a word may pump on you unnaturally.
Setting the output: This is the final adjustment as the signal leaves the compressor. It’s sometimes called the “make-up gain”. They call it that because compression often lowers the overall signal and you may need to boost it back up. Basically you want to optimize this so it does not ever go over 0db in the recorder. With luck you should see a consistent healthy level on the recorder’s input meters regardless of how loud the vocalist is singing.
TIP: You can compress again after the vocal is recorded as you prepare your tracks for the mix. So, don’t go overboard with settings at the input (recording) stage. You want the recorded vocal to sound natural, where the compressor just makes it an overall more useful signal to tweak later with exciters, harmonizers, pitch intonation correctors, and effects like reverb, delay. etc….
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